Purchase Admission Test : GRE-Verbal Exam Materials and then pass exam easily

VERIFY : TRUE

• A. ratify: angry
• B. signify: cheap
• C. terrify: confident
• D. purify: clean
• E. mortify: relaxed

COG : WATCH ::

• A. manager : bureaucracy
• B. lawyer : jury
• C. screen : television
• D. seasoning : recipe
• E. fish : school

The passage was found near 50 degrees S of ___.

• A. Spain
• B. The equator
• C. Greenwich
• D. Portugal
• E. Madrid

What does the word patent mean to you? Does it strike you as being something rather remote from your
interests? If it does, stop and think a moment about some of the commonplace things that you use every
day, objects that you take for granted as part of the world around you. The telephone, radio, television, the
automobile, and the thousand and one other things (even the humble safety pin) that enrich our lives
today once existed only as ideas in the minds of men. If it had not been possible to patent their ideas and
thus protect them against copying by others, these inventions might never have been fully developed to
serve mankind. If there were no patent protection there would be little incentive to invent and innovate, for
once the details of an invention became known, hordes of imitators who did not share the inventor's risks
and expenses might well flood the market with their copies of his product and reap much of the benefit of
his efforts.
The technological progress that has made America great would wither rapidly under conditions such as
these. The fundamental principles in the U. S. patent structure came from England. During the glorious
reign of Queen Elizabeth I in England, the expanding technology was furthered by the granting of
exclusive manufacturing and selling privileges to citizens who had invented new processes or tools- a
step that did much to encourage creativity. Later, when critics argued that giving monopoly rights to one
person infringed on the rights of others, an important principle was added to the patent structure: The Lord
Chief Justice of England stated that society had everything to gain and nothing to lose by granting
exclusive privileges to an inventor, because a patent for an invention was granted for something new that
society never had before. Another basic principle was brought into law because certain influential people
in England had managed to obtain monopoly control over such age-old products as salt, and had begun
charging as much as the traffic would bear. The public outcry became so great that the government was
forced to decree that monopoly rights could be awarded only to those who created or introduced
something really unique. These principles are the mainstays of our modern patent system in the United
States. In colonial times patent law was left up to the separate states. The inconsistency, confusion, and
unfairness that resulted clearly indicated the need for a uniform patent law, and the men who drew up the
Constitution incorporated one. George Washington signed the first patent law on April 10,1790, and less
than four months later the first patent was issued to a man named Samuel Hopkins for a chemical process,
an improved method of making potash for use in soapmaking. In 1936 the Patent Office was established
as a separate bureau. From the staff of eight that it maintained during its first year of operation it has
grown into an organization of over 2500 people handling more than 1600 patent applications and granting
over 1000 every week. The Patent Office in Washington, D. C., is the world's largest library of scientific
and technical data, and this treasure trove of information is open for public inspection. In addition to more
than 3 million U. S. patents, it houses more than 7 million foreign patents and thousands of volumes of
technical literature. Abraham Lincoln patented a device to lift steam vessels over river shoals, Mark Twain
developed a self-pasting scrapbook, and millionaire Cornelius Vanderbilt invented a shoe-shine kit. A
patent may be granted for any new and useful process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of
matter ( a chemical compound or combinations of chemical compounds), or any distinct and new variety;
of plant, including certain mutants and hybrids. The patent system has also helped to boost the wages of
the American worker to an unprecedented level; he can produce more and earn more with the computer,
adding machines, drill press or lathe. Patented inventions also help keep prices down by increasing
manufacturing efficiency and by stimulating the competition that is the foundation of our free enterprise
system. The decades of history have disclosed little need for modification of the patent structure. Our
patent laws, like the Constitution from which they grew, have stood the test of time well. They encouraged
the creative processes, brought untold benefits to society as a whole, and enabled American technology
to outstrip that of the rest of the civilized world.
What is the main idea of this passage?

• A. Patents are important tools for inventors.
• B. Patented inventions protect the inventor, free enterprise, and the creative process.
• C. The patent system encourages free enterprise.
• D. The patent system in England has been influential in American patent development.
• E. The Constitution protects the patent system.

In 1892 the Sierra Club was formed. In 1908 an area of coastal redwood trees north of San Francisco was
established as Muir Woods National Monument. In the Sierra Nevada mountains, a walking trail from
Yosemite Valley to Mount Whitney was dedicated in 1938. It is called John Muir Trail. John Muir was born
in 1838 in Scotland. His family name means "moor," which is a meadow full of flowers and animals. John
loved nature from the time he was small. He also liked to climb rocky cliffs and walls. When John was
eleven, his family moved to the United States and settled in Wisconsin. John was good with tools and
soon became an inventor. He first invented a model of a sawmill. Later he invented an alarm clock that
would cause the sleeping person to be tipped out of bed when the timer sounded. Muir left home at an
early age. He took a thousand-mile walk south to the Gulf of Mexico in 1867and 1868. Then he sailed for
San Francisco. The city was too noisy and crowded for Muir, so he headed inland for the Sierra Nevadas.
When Muir discovered the Yosemite Valley in the Sierra Nevadas, it was as if he had come home. He
loved the mountains, the wildlife, and the trees. He climbed the mountains and even climbed trees during
thunderstorms in order to get closer to the wind. He put forth the theory in the late 1860's that the
Yosemite Valley had been formed through the action of glaciers. People ridiculed him. Not until 1930 was
Muir's theory proven correct. Muir began to write articles about the Yosemite Valley to tell readers about
its beauty. His writing also warned people that Yosemite was in danger from timber mining and sheep
ranching interests. In 1901 Theodore Roosevelt became president of the United States.
He was interested in conservation. Muir took the president through Yosemite, and Roosevelt helped get
legislation passed to create Yosemite National Park in 1906.
Although Muir won many conservation battles, he lost a major one. He fought to save the Hetch Valley,
which people wanted to dam in order to provide water for San Francisco.
In the late 1913 a bill was signed to dam the valley. Muir died in 1914. Some people say losing the fight to
protect the valley killed Muir.
What did John Muir do soon after he arrived in San Francisco?

• A. He headed inland for the Sierra Nevadas.
• B. He wrote short stories for the local newspaper.
• C. He ran outside during an earthquake.
• D. He put forth a theory about how Yosemite was formed.
• E. He began to write articles about the Sierra Nevadas.